I painted this 18 years ago and I remember thinking I wanted it to be bubbly and springlike. I held on to it because I liked the airiness of the composition and some of the  elements - the cabins, the willow and the bridge, for instance - but I knew I had problems with the waterfall and I positively hated my little 'bunches' of red trees. Clearly I had little idea of how to integrate rock and vegetation. It felt unfinished, but back then I didn't know how to progress the painting. I decided to see if I could 'fix' some of the problems as an exercise to train my eye to see alternative choices.

Here are some of the areas I decided to change. I will add more bluish-green pines on the left behind the flowering tree. My reason is to hide the nasty humpy black hill strokes (bottom left circle). Above them, I will make those trees on the left a bit bigger (second circle) because they are the same size as the nasty little red trees on the right and they need to be bigger because they are closer.

I'm still unsure of what to do with those wretched little red trees on the right. I have added some more  pines below them which has helped to make the wretched reds recede a bit, but it has also cut off part of the layer of mist (that white band) which, in Chinese painting vocabulary is the equivalent of "....." meaning: there is more landscape between the two layers but the mist indicates that things are further back.

Living dangerously: I have added more trees on the right (lower circle) so that bunch of wretched reds is now subsumed in among green foliage. The downside of this action is that I have now completely lost the mist that indicated the distance between the bridge in the foreground and the rest of the vertical waterfall. Thinking about it in retrospect, I could have tried modifying the red trees with some opaque color such as brown or green, which might have made them less noticeable instead of joining the two areas. I am starting to feel like a card shark, trying to fool the viewer's eye. 

​So now it's time to tackle the waterfall. It looks too big and too well-defined for the relative size of the trees. Since any change I make will be permanent and I haven't a clue which option to go for, I'm going to try a trick you may enjoy: that's what the magnet and a bit of colored scrap paper in the upper circle are for. Here's how it works in three different versions:

1. What if I blocked off the top two segments of the waterfall? (see above)

2. Or blocked off the top two segments and narrowed the two lower segments? (see above)

3. Or what if I kept the top two waterfall segments and narrowed everything down? (see above)

Aha! See: I've gone with version #3: the narrowed shape works better now, though I have to say it is perilous to retouch a waterfall. The original rock edges will still show a bit and brush blobs from too much wet and grey vie with harsh lines from too much black unless you're very careful. I've done my best to avoid doing solid lines and will add a little color when it's dry. My rocks are still too bare of vegetation. I have added two pines on the right to hide some unfortunate downward tumbling rocks. Next I will add some 'forest' (blurry tree-like strokes in the distance) as shown below:

Adding the forest helps in several ways: it gives more texture to a barren rocky area, it incorporates the bluish trees top right, and it stretches the whole composition, which is stubbornly stuck to the right of the paper, and moves it more towards the center. My final fix is to do the wash again on the back of the paper in order to soften the mist. I lightly sprayed water to dampen the complete painting, then added light greyish green. Here it is below:

Hooray!  This is my final version (I swear it!). Does the painting work now? Well, I think there were flaws in my original composition which could not be ameliorated and my solutions make the painting look a bit overworked. Could I have fixed things differently? No doubt, and you probably would have done it quite differently! Did I learn anything? Absolutely! If we are afraid to try something out because it may 'ruin the painting', we will always stay within our comfort zone and our paintings will become stale and predictable. Here's a slide show of the beginning and the end:

So I encourage you to live dangerously with your brush. After all, it's just a piece of paper. Does this exercise give you ideas? New insights? Let me know how you get on! ​

Using just black ink and shades of grey, I started off sketching the rock and tree on the left and worked my way up the scene, spraying lightly with water to dampen the paper in the distance. This softens the outlines. My mulberry paper came from Blue Heron Arts, where you can find an excellent selection of paper, brushes and other painting supplies.

Rather than leaving the center area open for mist, I opted for showing a meandering waterfall in the distance. I left several areas open for mist.

Adding light color....Uh-oh, it's all looking a bit brown! The addition of color has taken away from the strong contrast between the black ink and white paper, leaving it looking a bit muddy.

Hmmm, I've added a bit of light, transparent green to the mountains, but it still looks a bit dreary.

Wahoo! I've intensified the brown on the sides of the rocks and added mineral green and blue! Here's a closeup comparison of the house area:

Traditionalists might feel I've gone a bit Disney, but the use of mineral green and blue in Chinese landscape paintings goes back hundreds of years. You can see some examples here. And now the final version, complete with chops:

Sometimes 'going for broke' is the most fun of all. I had no idea if the mineral colors would be too much, but I really like it, which is ultimately what counts. Break the rules! Find your own style! It's just a piece of paper, after all! Good luck and happy painting!

When a painting is finished, the elements should lock together like a well-crafted story. You feel the inevitability of the composition but the steps to reach the conclusion are no longer evident. I paint in what is called "Splashing Ink" or "Spontaneous Style", which means that it is more the dance of the brush that leads me on. However, I do still follow a process, so I will be putting in the broad outlines before adding the details. As my teacher Professor I-Hsiung Ju would remind me: put the roof on the house before adding the drapes and furniture!  So let's break down this painting's process, step by step:

Since I had no composition in mind, letting this long, bouncy brush (from HMay Art) spring from rock to rock seemed like fun. My paper is a thin, raw xuan so my brush needed to be on the dry side. I loaded it with grey then added ground black ink to the tip of the brush.
​Tip: It's always a good idea to keep a scrap of practice paper next to your ink so you can check the color and the amount of moisture on your brush before touching your painting.

Some of the strokes look almost abstract. How about some foreground to help the image to emerge?  As soon as I add foreground elements, the waterfall will recede and I will have more sense of depth.

Since the waterfall has a diagonal motion, it's good to have the foreground moving on the opposite diagonal, creating a V shape.
Tip: Avoid having anything begin or end right in the corner!

Oh look, it's a viewing platform! In that case, I need people. True confession: the child on the right ended up too short, so I added another rock this side of the figure to cover up my mistake, thereby adding another layer of depth. The rock's a bit heavy, but you probably wouldn't have guessed my sneaky save!
Tip: Switch to a smaller brush for figures (I used my Happy Dot brush from OAS). If you're not sure what size to paint the figures, try them out on a separate piece of paper and place it under your painting to see if it looks right. Keep trying until it looks good. If I had followed my own advice, I might not have needed to stick in the rock!

If you add color lightly, you can always change the hue or the intensity. I added some light trees in the lower left to push the waterfall back a bit. I'll add a bit more detail to these pines later.

I've added white to the observers' clothes, so that when I add the background misty wash, the figures will stand out more. I've extended the landscape off into the distance, being careful to keep my greys light. If I added black to the mountains I would need to darken everything from that point forward.
​Next I need to create the mist, and for this I will take the painting off the easel.

This is the painting on a black blanket. I created the background wash by spraying the painting with water and adding color on the backside of the paper. This allows a softer effect for the mist. I used indigo and black ink with a lot of water for this.
Tip: take into account, when you are mixing your color, that it will dry much lighter, especially when added to the back of the paper. Of course, if it is too light after it dries, you can do another wash.

The trees and mountains in distance all looked the same shade of grey, so I darkened a few of the trees on the left which makes them look closer and adds more gradation to the depth.

Sometimes you don't want your brush to come to a point. I decided my pines in the foreground needed more detail, so I added an impression of needles by splaying my Happy Dot brush (OAS) and dipping the tips in pure black. This way I don't have to paint every single needle.

The pine trees are now bushier and more elaborate, which works for trees in the foreground.
​Tip: As trees are further away, add less detail.

Admiring the Waterfall: completed painting. It measures 27"x 18" (69 cm x 45 cm).
Did you enjoy seeing how it developed? Did the breakdown step by step make it easier to understand? Do you have questions? If you painted it, it would turn out differently, and that's the delight of Chinese brush painting - because the composition is a living, breathing thing, your personality, thoughts and emotions will imbue the painting with your magic. Why not give it a try? You can follow along with these photos as you paint. Have fun splashing in the ink!

I started this painting of Lotus and Kingfisher on thin, raw xuan paper from HMay Art (HM 004). It’s a good paper, but like all papers, it takes getting used to (note: this paper comes in white and an off-white antique look. I used the white.).

For the leaves, I chose a large brush from HMay Art that holds a lot of ink and water. ​The paper was runnier than I expected and the black lotus leaves on the right lost their crisp edges as the ink spread. To prevent the flower petals from running, I used pure black, which was a bit harsh to my eye. Grey would have been better. I was tempted to throw the painting away and start again, but I decided to push it a bit further.

​For the flowers I used a combination of yellow, orange and red (Marie's Watercolors). Coloring the flowers shifted the attention from the leaves to the flowers, but those blurry leaf edges still annoyed me. You can watch me paint lotus flowers here.

To give depth to the composition, I added green grasses and splashes of color in the background. I painted them lightly so they wouldn't compete with the foreground leaves.  Unfortunately, my delicate strokes were totally overpowered by the black leaves and merely looked wimpy.

​Adding veins and strong black to the edges of the lotus leaves gave them more focus – which of course made the grasses look even wimpier. A little grey outlining on the grasses, however, gave them more weight, while still keeping them in the background.

​At this point, I decided to throw all caution to the winds and add a bird, always scary when you hope it will be the crowning glory of the painting but could turn out awful and ruin the whole thing. The kingfisher's belly color combines with the flower tones and leads the eye upwards, giving more mass to this flower and emphasizing its importance compared to the second, smaller flower.

​Success! Adding the kingfisher firmly stole the focus of attention from the leaves, but the bird’s turning head draws the eye back to the leaves, keeping the viewer – I hope! – happily roaming round in the scene and discovering more details.
The painting measures 14"x27" (35 cm x 68 cm).
​
The moral of the story: Never give up! The worst that can happen is you end up throwing away a small piece of paper! In the meantime, you are training your eye and your critical faculties to see possibilities, and you are splashing in the ink, which is always fun! Good luck and happy painting on your lotus!
​I welcome comments and questions, so don't be shy!

Here is a trailer for my new video on how to paint grapes. You can purchase the video here:

You can read more on tips to paint grapes in my blog post here. Please let me know in the comments section if you have questions and I will address them in this post. There is no question too dumb to ask!

May Pan of HMay Art Supply in China has posted a wonderful documentary article on me and my work. You can see it here and one on the lovely Egyptian artist Tereza Mitry here. Tereza allowed me to post a critique of one of her paintings here.

​Hmay Art Supply is a xuan paper manufacturer from Jing county Xuancheng city Anhui province - the birthplace of xuan paper. They produce top grade xuan paper (shuen paper, rice paper) and provide superior quality paper crafts and other art items for Japanese calligraphy, Chinese brush calligraphy & Chinese sumi-e painting, etc. I highly recommend their products.